So what do we mean by craft beer?

If you drink beer advertised on TV, you might not be a craft beer sort of person.  Not that I'm knocking your tastes, mind you, but beers you typically find around town are large-batch products made by large-scale producers.  These products appeal to a broader customer base, have a lower price tag and are generally available year-round. 

What, then, is meant by 'craft' beer?  Or, 'microbrew'?

Let me lift a description from the International Marketing Analysis Research and Consulting Group (IMARC):

"Craft beer refers to beer that is traditionally brewed by small, independent breweries, emphasizing quality, flavor, and brewing techniques. Craft beer is typically made in smaller batches, allowing brewers greater control over the brewing process and the opportunity for creativity and experimentation.

Craft beer is manufactured using traditional brewing methods, including mashing, boiling, fermenting, and conditioning, often with high-quality ingredients such as specialty malts, hops, yeast, and adjuncts like fruit, spices, or herbs. Its importance lies in its role as a cultural expression, offering consumers a diverse array of flavors and experiences while challenging conventional beer norms."

Therefore, a microbrewery necessarily has small-volume production capability when compared to the large-scale breweries, or macrobreweries.  An advantage of smaller volumes is that the microbrewer has more freedom to experiment with new recipes, and can offer unique flavors to a more limited clientele.

If you prefer one beer over everything else, then fine.  If you are open to sampling a variety, then the craft beer scene will reward you with an unlimited range of beer types and tastes!  Ultimately, you ought to drink what tastes good to you! 

The Beer Basics

Beer-making: a primer

Making Beer
More than just a beverage, beer is an intricate interplay of science and artistry.  Let's take a look at the fundamental principles that underpin the brewing process, revealing the secrets behind this beloved drink.

Beer is the end product of only a few key ingredients, so let’s start there. As a simple breakdown, we need water, yeast, barley and hops. Water makes up the greatest part of beer, typically 95% by volume, so it’s an important component of beer, and good beer requires good water. A source of starch provides carbohydrates for the yeast to feed on. Yeast will convert simple sugars and water into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is the basic form of fermentation that generates alcohol. Hops are added for their preservation and flavoring effect.

Let's start with barley, as that is the base substrate for beer, as the main source of starch. In reality, any source of sugar can be used, but for beer we really want to use a grain, and indeed many beers use wheat, sorghum, corn, or rice. Barley is the most common source of starch in beer-making, however, so I’ll stick to that for this article.


Malting
To “unlock” or make available energy available for yeast, the starch needs to go through a process called malting. By adding water to barley, the grains will begin to germinate, the beginning process of growing into a plant. Germination activates enzymes within, which will convert starch molecules – complex chains of the simple sugar glucose – into smaller chains and individual glucose molecules.

Now, we don’t actually want to grow a barley plant; we just want the starch to break down into smaller molecules that the yeast can use. The malting process will be halted by drying, after which the germinated barley – now called malt -- may be ground into a finer powder that we can easily pour and package. Different malting methods and the resulting malt characteristics (color, flavor, and aroma) significantly influence the final beer profile. 


Mashing
The mashing process is where the magic begins. The malted barley, mixed with water, undergoes a series of controlled temperature steps. Enzymes within the malt operate within specific temperature ranges. Temperatures are carefully managed to activate the enzymes within the malt, converting the starches into fermentable sugars. This process is crucial as it directly affects the amount and type of sugars available to the yeast for fermentation.


Hopping
After the mashing process, the liquid mixture, which is called wort, is separated from the spent grain. The lauter tun, or similar vessel, facilitates this separation. The wort is then boiled, a crucial step for sterilization i.e. removal of bacterial interference, and flavor development. It is during this stage that hops are added. You’ve heard of hops, of course. This is a rather standard addition to beer though in centuries-past other herbs were commonplace.

To keep it simple, hops are a type of flower and are added to the wort to impart flavor and preservative effects. How exactly the old-time beer-makers thought to add hops is a long and interesting story but I want to keep this short. Other agents may be added at this stage, such as additional sugars or herbs, but hops is the big one. If you’re a fan of west coast USA IPAs, as I am, you’ll know that they make use of some very flavorful hops varieties to create strong, bitter beer profiles.


Fermentation
On to fermentation. Fermentation is where the yeast comes into play. Yeast is a single-celled fungus, and I’m sure you’re familiar with it: yeast is the microorganism that converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2). It’s the release of gaseous CO2 that causes bubbles to form in bread, making it rise. As for alcohol, there are many compounds that qualify as an alcohol, and they are not all desirable, but it so happens that yeast produces ethanol, which is exactly the alcohol that gives us the good feelies when we drink it. (Well, to a point, anyway.)

Are there different yeasts, you ask? Well, yes. Some yeasts create products that tend to float at the top of the mashing container, others make products that sink or remain low in the mixture. Also, yeasts function optimally at different temperatures, so for some, effective fermentation takes place at 10 C whereas a different strain wouldn’t be active unless the temperature was raised to 20 C. The varying molecules produced give unique flavor profiles, influencing the beer's body, mouthfeel, and overall character. Lager yeast, for example, produces crisp, clean beers, while ale yeast often results in more complex, fruity, or spicy flavors.


Conditioning
And finally, following fermentation, the beer needs conditioning to allow the carbon dioxide to fully dissolve and for flavors to mature. This can involve aging in stainless steel tanks or wooden barrels over some weeks to months. Finally, the beer is packaged for distribution.

Please bear in mind this is a pretty basic summary of the process! Some of these steps may be repeated, and there might be several filtration steps involved. I haven’t gone into filtration methods, or the use of clarifying agents, or the vessel sizes and shapes used. Beer-making is a Big topic, and can get Pretty technical. Craft beer makers are truly to be respected for their artistry, so Do raise your glass when you meet them! 

The Most Popular Types (and sub-types) of Beer

A brief guide on craft beer styles

1. Lagers: Crisp, Clean, and Refreshing

Lagers are the most widely consumed type of beer in the world, known for their clean, crisp taste and high drinkability. They are fermented and conditioned at low temperatures, which gives them their smooth, mellow character. The yeast used in lagers ferments at the bottom of the fermentation tank, a process known as bottom fermentation.

Sub-types:
Pilsner: Originating from the Czech Republic, pilsners are pale, hoppy lagers with a refreshing bitterness.
Helles: A German style that's maltier and less bitter than a pilsner.
Dortmunder Export: Balanced between malt sweetness and hop bitterness, with a slightly higher alcohol content.

Lagers are perfect for those who enjoy a straightforward, easy-to-drink beer that doesn’t overwhelm the palate.



2. Ales: Fruity, Complex, and Bold

Ales are brewed with top-fermenting yeast at warmer temperatures, resulting in beers that are often more robust and complex than lagers. They offer a wide variety of flavor profiles, often featuring fruity esters and a more noticeable yeast character.

Sub-types:
Pale Ale: Light in color and moderate in bitterness, often with citrus or piney hop flavors.
India Pale Ale (IPA): Known for its bold hop aroma and bitterness. Variants include West Coast IPA, New England IPA, and Double IPA.
Brown Ale: Malt-forward with notes of caramel, nuts, and sometimes chocolate.

Ales are great for those seeking depth and variety in their beer.



3. Stouts: Dark, Rich, and Roasty

Stouts are a dark ale known for their deep flavors and full body. They often feature roasted malt or barley, which imparts flavors of coffee, chocolate, and even burnt toast.

Sub-types:
Dry Stout: Most famously represented by Guinness, with a dry finish and coffee-like bitterness.
Milk Stout: Brewed with lactose sugar, giving it a creamy sweetness. Imperial Stout: High in alcohol and intensity, with rich, complex flavors.

Stouts are ideal for sipping and savoring, especially during colder months.



4. Porters: Smooth, Chocolatey, and Historic

Often confused with stouts, porters are similarly dark and roasty but tend to be smoother and slightly less intense. They have their roots in 18th-century England and were among the first commercially brewed beers.

Sub-types:
English Porter: Milder, with notes of caramel, toffee, and chocolate.
Robust Porter: Stronger and more bitter, with roasted and hoppy notes.
Baltic Porter: Brewed with lager yeast, giving a smoother finish and higher ABV.

Porters offer a satisfying middle ground between light and dark beers.



5. Wheat Beers: Cloudy, Citrus-Forward, and Refreshing

Wheat beers are brewed with a significant proportion of wheat in addition to barley, resulting in a hazy appearance and a soft, bready mouthfeel. They often feature citrus and spice notes, making them perfect for warm weather.

Sub-types:
Hefeweizen: A German wheat beer known for its banana and clove flavors.
Witbier: A Belgian style brewed with orange peel and coriander.
American Wheat Ale: Cleaner and more hop-forward than its European cousins.

Wheat beers are light, aromatic, and very approachable for new beer drinkers.



6. Sours: Tart, Funky, and Adventurous

Sour beers are intentionally acidic, tart, or sour-tasting, often achieved through wild yeast strains or bacteria. These beers are wildly diverse and often polarizing due to their unconventional flavors.

Sub-types:
Berliner Weisse: A low-alcohol German sour with a lemony tartness.
Gose: A German sour brewed with salt and coriander.
Lambic/Gueuze: Belgian sours spontaneously fermented with wild yeast, often aged and blended.

Sours are a unique experience, ideal for those looking to expand their palate.



7. Belgian Ales: Spicy, Fruity, and Complex

Belgian beers are revered for their artistry and complexity. They often feature fruity esters, spicy phenols, and a higher alcohol content. Belgian yeast strains contribute significantly to their unique profiles.

Sub-types:
Dubbel: A dark, malty beer with notes of dark fruit and a smooth finish.
Tripel: Pale and strong with spicy, fruity, and slightly sweet flavors.
Saison: A farmhouse ale with a dry finish and peppery, citrusy notes.

These beers are perfect for savoring and pair well with food due to their complexity.



8. Hybrids and Experimental Styles: Breaking the Mold

Modern craft brewers frequently experiment with traditional styles, creating hybrid and boundary-pushing beers. These might include hop-forward lagers, barrel-aged stouts, or fruit-infused sours.

Examples:
Black IPA: Combines dark malt character with the hoppy bitterness of an IPA.
Brut IPA: Very dry and highly carbonated, mimicking sparkling wine.
Coffee Blonde Ale: Light in color but infused with bold coffee flavor.

These styles reflect the innovative spirit of the craft brewer and local or seasonal ingredients, offering an opportunity to try something rarely found elsewhere.



Conclusion / The Final Sip
Your author has his personal favorite familiar styles and brands, but this is Not a recommendation forum -- everyone has their Own tastes!

From the crispness of a lager to the bold richness of a stout, the world of beer offers a vast spectrum of flavors and experiences. Whether you’re a seasoned enthusiast or a curious newcomer, there’s always a new style to explore and enjoy. So, cheers to finding your next favorite brew!